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Papal supremacy is the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that the pope, by reason of his office as Vicar of Christ and as pastor of the entire Christian Church, has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered:〔(Paragraph 882 ) of the ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' (1997). 〕 that, in brief, "the Pope enjoys, by divine institution, supreme, full, immediate, and universal power in the care of souls."〔(Paragraph 937 ) of the ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' (1997).〕 The doctrine had the most significance in the relationship between the church and the temporal state, in matters such as ecclesiastic privileges, the actions of monarchs and even successions. ==Institution of papal supremacy== The Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy is based on the assertion by the Bishops of Rome that it was instituted by Christ and that papal succession is traced back to Peter the Apostle in the 1st century. The authority for the position is derived from the Confession of Peter documented in when, in response to Peter's acknowledgment of Jesus as the Messiah and Son of God, which many relate to Jesus' divinity, Jesus responded: Critics claim that the creation of the term papal supremacy dates back to the 6th century, which was the beginning of the rise of the Bishops of Rome to the position of not just religious authority, but the power to be the ultimate ruler of the kingdoms within the Christian community (Christendom) which it has since retained. Catholics have countered this argument by the fact that in the first three centuries of Christianity the church in Rome intervened in other communities to help resolve conflicts.〔Afanassieff, Nicholas (1992). "The Church Which Presides In Love" in ''The Primacy of Peter: Essays in Ecclesiology and the Early Church'', John Meyendorff, ed. New York. (Ch. 4 ), pp. 126–127.〕 Pope Clement I did so in Corinth in the end of the first century.〔Cross, F. L., ed. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article "Clement of Rome, St"〕 In the end of the 2nd century, Pope Victor I threatened to excommunicate the Eastern bishops who continued to celebrate Easter on 14 Nisan, not on the following Sunday〔Eusebius Pamphilius (''Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine'' ), Ch. XXIV. from ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Ser. II, Vol. I'', Phillip Schaff, ed., at ''ccel.org''.〕 In the third century, Pope Cornelius convened and presided over a synod of 60 African and Eastern bishops,〔McBrien, Richard P. "Pope Cornelius, a reconciler, had a hard road." ''National Catholic Reporter'' 40.41 (Sept 24, 2004): 19(1). General OneFile. Gale. Sacred Heart Preparatory (BAISL). 5 Dec. 2008 ()〕 and his rival, the antipope Novatian, claimed to have "assumed the primacy". In the complex development of papal supremacy, two broad phases may be noted. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「papal supremacy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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